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PA.VI.A.S3FAA-S-ACS-6C · Nov 2023Skills

Navigate by means of pre-computed headings, groundspeeds, elapsed time, and reference t...

ACS element text (the applicant demonstrates understanding of)

Navigate by means of pre-computed headings, groundspeeds, elapsed time, and reference to landmarks or checkpoints.

Bottom line

Dead reckoning is navigation solely by means of computations based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction. GS, heading, and time for any flight can be determined by using the wind triangle. The predicted heading takes the aircraft along the intended path and the GS establishes the time to arrive at each checkpoint and the destination.

FAA references

  1. PHAK ch. 16 (p. 16-12) — FAA-H-8083-25C (2023)
  2. PHAK ch. 16 (p. 16-13) — FAA-H-8083-25C (2023)
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