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PA.II.D.R2FAA-S-ACS-6C · Nov 2023Risk management

Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.

ACS element text (the applicant demonstrates understanding of)

Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.

Bottom line

Expectation bias often occurs on the ground while taxiing: pilots may expect a particular taxi route and perceive the clearance as expected rather than as given by ATC. A pilot given the same taxi instructions by ATC may start expecting those same instructions and not realize they no longer apply; missing one instruction or turn can generate an accident. Despite having familiarity with the airport, pilots should carefully review their complete taxi plan.

FAA references

  1. AFH ch. 2 (p. 2-19) — FAA-H-8083-3C
  2. RMH ch. 6 (pp. 6-2–6-3) — FAA-H-8083-2A
  3. AC 91-73, para. 7b — AC No: 91-73B
  4. PHAK ch. 14 (p. 14-33) — FAA-H-8083-25C (2023)
  5. AC 91-73, para. 7g — AC No: 91-73B
  6. AIM 4-3-18 (Taxiing) — AIM Basic 2/20/25 w/ Change 1 (8/7/25) & Change 2 (1/22/26)
  7. PHAK ch. 14 (p. 14-31) — FAA-H-8083-25C (2023)
  8. 14 CFR 91.123 (Compliance with ATC clearances and instructions.) — eCFR current as of 2026-03-05
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