e. Landing surface/condition

Bottom line

On final approach, rising air from terrain devoid of vegetation sometimes produces a ballooning effect that can cause a pilot to overshoot the intended landing spot. An approach over a large body of water or thick vegetation tends to create a sinking effect that can cause an unwary pilot to land short of the intended landing spot. Brake use on a soft field is not needed and should be avoided, as it may impose a heavy load on the nose-gear and cause the nose-wheel to dig in; the soft or rough surface itself provides sufficient reduction in the airplane's forward speed.