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IR.II.B.K1cFAA-S-ACS-8C · Nov 2023Knowledge

c. Electrical systems, electronic flight instrument displays [primary flight display (P...

ACS element text (the applicant demonstrates understanding of)

Operation of the aircraft’s applicable flight instrument system(s), including: c. Electrical systems, electronic flight instrument displays [primary flight display (PFD), multifunction display (MFD)], transponder and automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ADS-B)

Bottom line

ADS-B Out is a function of an aircraft's onboard avionics that periodically broadcasts the aircraft's state vector (3-dimensional position and 3-dimensional velocity) and other required information.

Key numbers

Key numbers for c. Electrical systems, electronic flight instrument displays [primary flight display (P...
NumberWhat it means
at least once per second while airborne or while moving on the airport surfacePosition transmit rate
at least once every 5 seconds while stationary on the airport surfaceStationary transmit rate
2.0 seconds from time of measurement of position to time of transmissionMax latency
within 30 nautical miles of an appendix D, section 1 airport, from the surface upward to 10,000 feet MSLMode C veil
at least 1 hour before the proposed operation, for aircraft not equipped with ADS-B OutDeviation request

FAA references

  1. 14 CFR 91.227 (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Out equipment performance requirements.) — eCFR current as of 2026-03-05
  2. 14 CFR 91.225 (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Out equipment and use.) — eCFR current as of 2026-03-05
  3. AC 90-105 Appendix J — AC No: 90-105A
  4. AC 90-105 Appendix E — AC No: 90-105A
  5. AC 91-78 ch. 20 , Electronic Aeronautical Chart Display. — AC No: 91-78A
  6. AC 91.21-1, paras. 7.2.1, 7.2.3 — AC No: 91.21-1D
  7. 14 CFR 91.131 (Operations in Class B airspace.) — eCFR current as of 2026-03-05
  8. AC 90-105 Appendix A — AC No: 90-105A
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