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CA.II.E.R5FAA-S-ACS-7B · Nov 2023Risk management

Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.

ACS element text (the applicant demonstrates understanding of)

Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.

Bottom line

Pilots need to follow the clearance or instructions that are actually received, and not the ones they expected to receive.

FAA references

  1. AFH ch. 2 (p. 2-19) — FAA-H-8083-3C
  2. RMH ch. 6 (pp. 6-2–6-3) — FAA-H-8083-2A
  3. AC 91-73, para. 7b — AC No: 91-73B
  4. AIM 4-3-18 (Taxiing) — AIM Basic 2/20/25 w/ Change 1 (8/7/25) & Change 2 (1/22/26)
  5. PHAK ch. 14 (p. 14-33) — FAA-H-8083-25C (2023)
  6. PHAK ch. 14 (p. 14-31) — FAA-H-8083-25C (2023)
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