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CA.I.H.R4FAA-S-ACS-7B · Nov 2023Risk management

Confirmation and expectation bias.

ACS element text (the applicant demonstrates understanding of)

Confirmation and expectation bias.

Bottom line

A pilot's erroneous assessment may persist even though it is wrong and despite available evidence to indicate the error. Fatigue tends to stop pilots from taking extra steps to verify perceived reality and contributes to expectation and confirmation bias susceptibility.

FAA references

  1. RMH ch. 6 (pp. 6-2–6-3) — FAA-H-8083-2A
  2. PHAK ch. 2 (p. 2-20) — FAA-H-8083-25C (2023)
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